Multi

Multi-word verbs ME Dip TESL Multi-word Verbs [Compound Verbs - Verb -i- Particle] [Phrasal verbs] These are considered multi-word verbs only where they behave as a single unit. It is the extended sense of the verb as a unit which behaves to some extent lexically or syntactically as a single verb. We disposed of the problem, We / disposed of / the problem, Rather than We / disposed / of the problem. Some of their more obvious characteristics are: 1. There are probably a limited number of particles that can be included in the combinations. Some of the more obvious are down, in, off, on, out, up Particles A. against, among, as, at, beside, for, from, into, like, of, onto, upon, with etc.:(Preoositions B. about, above, across, after, along, around, by, down, in. off, on, out, over, past, round, through, under, up, etc [either prepositions or spatial adverbs] C. aback, ahead, apart, aside, away, back, in front [adverb only. Unless they form part of a complex preposition - ahead of, apart from, back of, Thus we include particles which form the first element of a complex preposition. Come along (with me/us) They moved out (of the house) Verbs may form combinations with adverbial particles. Such verb-adverb combinations are callec phrasal verbs. Some phrasal verbs retain the individual meanings of the verb and the adverb (sit down), whereas for other phrasal verbs the meaning of the combination cannot be built up from the meanings of the individual verb and adverb, (catch on - understand) (give in - surrender) turn up (='appear, arrive') etc. Verbs can also combine with prepositional adverbs which function like prepositional phrases. Here we do not speak of phrasal verbs' They walked past (the place). She ran across (the street), The test to distinguish between phrasal verb and verb pluadverb is that the particles of the phrasal verb may precede the object noun phrase, when that phrase is a 'simple definite noun phrase', i.e. either a proper noun or a noun phrase consisting of a common noun with no modifiers. E.g. They turned on the light. They turned the light on. examples of phrasal verbs w low up (a bridge) break off (our relations) bring about (a change) burn up (the leaves in the garden) 1111 fill out (a form) (esp. AmE> get out (a book) get over (an idea) ake up (a story) Most phrasal verbs are <informal>. In some cases phrasal verbs with objects look identical to verbs followed by a prepositional phrase: a. They ran over the bridge (.'crossed the bridge by running'). (VERB+PREPOSITION) b. They ran over the cat (='knocked down and passed over'). (PHRASAL VERB) Prepositional verbs A verb may also form a combination with a preposition, for example He's applied for a new job. Has anyone commented on the results? The article also hinted at other possibilities. Her parents strongly objected to her travelling alone. Who will be running for president at the next election? The noun phrase following the preposition is termed the PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT. Other examples of prepositional verbs are: add to (the bill) allow for (delays) consent to (a proposal) enlarge on (a topic) part with (a car) refer to (a dictionary) Differences between phrasal and prepositional verbs amount to (50 dollars) hope for (improvements) resort to (violence) Phrasal and prepositional verbs may seem very similar, for example the pair: a They called up all young men (-'conscripted'). b They called on their friends (=' visited'). approve of (an action) live on (a small salary) shout for (help) V are, however, different in at least four respects: (A) The adverb in a (a phrasal verb) is normally stressed and has nuclear stress in end-posit:Wet. The preposition in b (a prepositional verb), however, is normally unstressed: a They called 'up all young men. All young men were called 14, b They called or, their frip_aciai. Their friends were called on. (B) The preposition in a prepos,tional verb must come before the prepositional object They called up all young men. {They called all young men up. They called them up. b They called on their friends. They called on them. (C) On the other hand, the prepositional verb allows an adverb to be placed between the verb and the preposition: a They ca/led early up all young men. (not acceptable) b They called early on their friends. (D) A prepositional verb also accepts a relative pronoun after the preposition: . a All young men up whom they called were not at home. (not acceptable) b The friends on whom they called were not at home But both types of verb can have the preposition or adverb end-placed: The men (who) they called up were not at home The friends (who) they called on were not at home. Note that, unlike some languages, English often allows the prepositional object to become the subject of a passive sentence They looked upon him as a hero. He was looked upon as a hero. Phrasal-prepositional verbs In <informal> English, some verbs can combine as an idiom with both an adverb and a preposition, for example He puts up with almost anything (=`tolerates'). You shouldn't break in on a conversation like that (='interrupt'). We must all cut down on spending (='reduce'). Don't imagine you can get away with that sort of thing. He walked GLIt on the project (='abandoned'). We call these phrasal-prepositional verbs. We can make a clause containing such a verb passive, by changi the prepositional object into the subject. They have done away with (='abolished') the old laws. The old laws have been done away with. We cannot insert an adverb between the preposition and the object: *He puts up with willingly that secretary of his. though it is possible to do so between the adverb and the preposition: He puts up willingly with that secretary of his. In relative clauses and questions, where the object is front-placed the adverb and preposition come Merl verb: What are the police checking up on (=Investigate') ? You don't realise what I've had to put up with <informal> ( 'Wier te'